a. Do not use contractions in any portion of the manuscript. Minimize use of the passive tense.

b. Avoid indented or "bulleted" outlines or lists of hypotheses, alternatives, conclusions, and so forth.

c. Names of authors or of other persons referred to in the text should be given in full the first time they appear. Only surnames should be used thereafter (except in cases where more than one person referred to has the same surname). Surnames only may be used in footnotes.

d. Section heads should have titles only (no numbers). Specific references to section titles (for example, "In the section Results of the Estimation . . .") should be avoided, except in footnotes (e.g. "See the section 'Results of the Estimation'.").

e. Dates: successive years treated as a unit should be separated with slash marks: 1812/13, 1920/21, and so on. Ranges of dates in the text may use prepositions (e.g. "from 1820 to 1835") or dashes (e.g. "1820-35"). Specific dates should be written day-month-year: "May 1949" or "14 December 1956."

f. Numbers one to ten are, in general, spelled out. Arabic numerals are used for numbers above ten (11, 200, 1,253). The main exceptions are percentages (a 4 percent change, 0.5 percent, 1 percentage point), fractions of measurement (1- to 1.5- franc range), series of similar units in which one figure exceeds 10 ("3, 12, and 22 days, respectively . . ."), and centuries (twentieth century [noun], nineteenth-century farmers [adjective]). General estimates of round numbers are spelled out ("forty years ago . . ."; "more than a hundred workers . . ."; "one million people . . ."; but $1 million, £60,000, and $1-billion increase [adjective]). Decades should be referred to without apostrophes (the 1950s or the fifties, not the 1950's). Insert zeros before all decimals less than 1 (0.015).

g. Italicize or underline all variables that receive formal mathematical treatment anywhere in the text.

h. All equations should be typed in their proper location in the text, appendix(es), footnotes, and table and figure notes.

a. Footnotes should be double-spaced, and should not appear in the middle of sentences unless this serves a specific purpose. Do not footnote the titles of the article and appendixes or the headings of sections.

b. Inclusive numbers for pages and dates should be treated as follows: For ranges of pages, use the MLA system. For numbers through 99, the second number should be given in full: 5-7, 12-16, 74- 96, and so on. For numbers of 100 and above, give only the last two digits of the second number unless more are necessary: 88-103, 101-07, 486-502, 919-1007, 1007-09, 1480-623, and so on. Ranges of dates in footnotes, tables, and figures should be typed in full: 1840-1860, 1790-1814, and so on.

c. Use ibid. (with no italics) as appropriate, but do not use op. cit. or loc. cit. Always spell out cf. (compare), etc. (and so on), e.g. (for example), and i.e. (in other words).

d. Use short-form citations for every footnote, following the style and punctuation in the examples. The rule of thumb to follow in abbreviating titles is to exclude initial articles and to end the abbreviation at the first noun or noun-equivalent.

Archival Data: Archival citations should contain all necessary elements to locate the item in the archive named in the REFERENCES. The location number, if available, should always be included. A suitable abbreviation or acronym should be part of the first citation of an item if citations of other items in the same archive are to follow. Subsequent citations should employ the abbreviation or acronym. The archive name or abbreviation/acronym should be the first element of the citation.

Legal Cases: The citation of legal cases should combine economy of expression with adequate identification of sources. The following guidelines should be followed: (a) cases are cited only in the text and footnotes and not in the REFERENCES; (b) cases should be cited in the text by title only— in full if the title is brief, in shortened form if it is lengthy; (c) after the first citation of a case in the text, footnotes are usually required for subsequent citation of the same case. General allusions to easily recognizable cases as part of a continuous narrative or discussion may be exceptions to this rule; (d) footnote citations may use a shortened form of the title of a case after the first full citation. Otherwise, complete information should be given in all subsequent citations.

a. Only sources cited in the footnotes or text should be included.

b. The JEH style for reference lists, with the exception of the numbering of ranges of pages, generally follows the bibliography style found in Chapter 15 of the Chicago Manual of Style (14th edition, 1993).

c. Give a maximum of three authors' names per entry; thereafter, use "et al." (do not italicize). Give authors' names as they are commonly known: for example, Fogel, Robert W., but Crafts, N. F. R.

d. For successive works by the same author(s), use a long dash in place of the author's name in succeeding entries after the first. If an additional author (editor, etc.) is added, however, the originally listed author(s) name must be repeated. Order publications by the same author(s) by year of publication, not alphabetically.

e. Foreign-language citations: transliterate if necessary; follow the rules of capitalization for each language; for less familiar languages, provide a translation in brackets following the original.

f. Use Arabic (not Roman) numerals for volume and similar divisional numbers (vol. 1, sec. 2, pt. 3, etc.).

g. The following are examples of the most frequently used types of reference entries.

Books:

Series Publications:

Newspapers, Newssheets, Newsmagazines: Printed news media should be cited by the name of the publication, not by article (unless this is of special importance). Specific articles - with dates and pages - should be cited in the footnotes. If only one issue is footnoted in the text, the date should be given in the REFERENCES. If more than one issue is cited, "various dates" should follow the name of the publication. If a publication is no longer published and is available only in a single or a few special collections, a collection should be cited. Publications that are not well known should be identified by place of publication.

Government Documents: Government documents should include all elements, in the proper order, needed to locate them in a library catalog. The publisher for U.S. (other than congressional) documents printed by the Government Printing Office should be entered as GPO.

Archives: Ordinarily, specific items in archival collections should only be cited in footnotes. The name and location of the archive itself should be entered in the REFERENCES with an appropriate acronym or abbreviation when it is cited more than once in the footnotes.

Legal Cases: Legal cases should be cited in full in the footnotes. They should not be cited in any form in the REFERENCES.

a. Every table should be preceded by a number and title. They should be "transparent": the reader should not have to revert to the text for definitions, units of measurement, and so on.

b. Columns should be numbered if, but only if, this facilitates discussion in the text. See examples.

c. Type out period dates in full (1813-1822; 1900-1920; and so on).

d. Only the first word of variables in the first column (the "stub") should be capitalized (Value of exports, Southern farms, etc.), except for proper nouns and fully capitalized acronyms.

e. Underline or italicize mathematical variables, N (for number), and conventional parameters, such as t-statistics, R², F-ratio, and so on.

f. Use zeros before decimal figures of less than one.

g. Use commas in all integers consisting of more than three digits (3,000; 14,751; 6,230,549; and so on).

h. Incorporate measurement units (%; $; bushels; and so on) into column and row headings, rather than repeating them throughout a column or row.

i. Use dashes for blank cells where data are not available. Inapplicable cells for regression coefficients should be left blank.

j. Bold fonts in tables are sometimes appropriate for clarity, but in general, they should be avoided.

k. Avoid vertical rulings in tables. Consult recent issues of the Journal for proper uses of horizontal rulings.

l. Table Notes should be given in complete sentences (whenever possible) and be presented in the following order:

m. Provide Source(s) for each table, even if only "see the text" (however, this expression should not be used as a substitute for clear citation of sources). Use the short-form citation style: e.g. "Sources: For panel A, see the text; for panel B, Fogel, "Biomedical Approaches," p. 92."

a. Do not typewrite, hand draw, or hand letter anything; use computer-generated figures whenever possible. All exceptions must be cleared with an editor.

b. All of your figures should look alike in terms of proportion, font, and the manner in which you arrange the data.

c. Units of measure should be clear from the axis labels; if that is impossible, announce them in the figure's title or the notes. On a time scale, place ticks at intervals appropriate to the scale of your data (e.g. every 10^th year). When labeling units of thousands use commas if at all possible (e.g. 1,000, not 1000).

d. Consider whether two or more figures' data can be combined into one figure, to save space; conversely, if your data are hard to "track" due to the complexity of the figure, it may be preferable to make two figures out of one.