CODEBOOK AND USER'S MANUAL: A SURVEY OF 1,832 MALE CONSTRUCTION WORKERS IN PENNSYLVANIA, 1894 REPORTED IN THE TWENTY-SECOND ANNUAL REPORT OF THE PENNSYLVANIA BUREAU OF INDUSTRIAL STATISTICS Version 1.1 July 13, 1993 Susan B. Carter Roger L. Ransom Richard Sutch Hongcheng Zhao Historical Labor Statistics Project Institute of Business and Economic Research University of California Berkeley, California 94720 This codebook is a preliminary draft. The data described here and accompanying this version of the codebook is still in a preliminary format and may contain errors. Those wishing to use this data for research purposes should check with the authors for an update. Neither the collectors of the data or those sponsoring the data collection wish to bear responsibility for the use to which others may make of this data. The financial support of the National Science Foundation, the All-UC Group in Economic History, and of the Institute of Business and Economic Research and the Laboratory for Historical Research, both of the University of California, is appreciated. For further description of the Historical Labor Statistics Project, discussion of the social, economic, and political context in which the data were collected, and an assessment of data quality, see Susan B. Carter, Roger L. Ransom, and Richard Sutch, "The Historical Labor Statistics Project at the University of California," Historical Methods 24 (2) (Spring 1991): 52-65 and Susan B. Carter, Roger L. Ransom, and Richard Sutch, "Doing the Wright Thing: Carroll Wright and the State Labor Statistics Movement." Paper Presented at the Conference on Historical Labor Statistics, Lawrence, Kansas, June 1991. Suggested Citation: Susan B. Carter, Roger L. Ransom, Richard Sutch, and Hongcheng Zhao. Codebook and User's Manual: A Survey of 1,832 Male Construction Workers in Pennsylvania, 1894; Reported in the Twenty-Second Annual Report of the Pennsylvania Bureau of Industrial Statistics. Berkeley: Institute of Business and Economic Research, 1993. A SURVEY OF 1,832 MALE CONSTRUCTION WORKERS IN PENNSYLVANIA, 1894 The survey of 1,832 male construction workers in Pennsylvania was conducted by the State's Bureau of Industrial Statistics in 1894 [1]. The primary purpose of the survey was to determine possible changes in these workers' standard of living. The Report noted that the answer was by no means obvious: The tendency of wages for some years has been downward, but so also has been the cost of living; and in many cases the prices of food, clothing, etc., have fallen more rapidly than earnings. Even if this fact be true, another thing hardly less important must be considered, namely: are the working people as steadily employed as they were a few years ago?....It is well known that during the last two years, especially, production has greatly declined and consequently there has been less regularity in employment than during previous years. Employment in the building trades, even in the best times, is affected by the weather. The introduction of machinery also has certainly lessened for an indefinite period the quantity of work. [2] The Report does not include a detailed description of the data collection procedures employed. The fact that very lengthy comments of workers and employers are included in the text of the Report suggests that the survey was conducted by special agents of the Bureau who interviewed workers and recorded their responses. However, nowhere in the Report is there any explicit discussion of this matter. Regarding the selection of the sample the Bureau writes: No attempt was made to collect statistics from all of the persons engaged in these [building] trades, but only from a sufficient number in various localities to show their general condition, modes of employment, etc. To collect complete statistics would have required more time and means than were at the disposal of the Bureau; besides, probably the more important results would not have been different from the returns herewith presented. [3] The individual responses of surveyed workers to questions asked were published, together with some summary statistics. The Historical Labor Statistics Project has transformed these data into machine-readable form using the procedures and codes outlined in this Codebook. Table 1 lists the questions asked in the survey and the variable names assigned to each response. Tables 2 through 23 present descriptive statistics on the values and distributions of responses to the questions asked including, where necessary, the numeric codes used in entering the data into the computer. Since version 1.0, some of the variable names and most of the variable codes have been changed. Some data correction have also been made in some variables. Users are reminded to be aware of these changes. The data from this sample of 1,832 male construction workers in Pennsylvania in 1894 has been archived at the Laboratory for Historical Research at the University of California, Riverside. For additional information regarding the availability of these data please contact: Professor Roger Ransom Department of History University of California Riverside, CA 92521 FAX [909] 787-5299 NOTES [1] Pennsylvania Bureau of Industrial Statistics, Twenty- Second Annual Report of the Secretary of Internal Affairs of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, 1894. Clarence M. Busch, State Printer of Pennsylvania, 1895. [2] Ibid., p. 1 B. [3] Ibid. Table 1 Questions Asked of Respondents A Survey of 1,832 Male Construction Workers in Pennsylvania, 1894 Name Description PAGE Page on Which Worker's Survey Results Begin ID Unified Numbers of all Cases SUB_ID Office Number RES City to Which Surveyed Worker Belongs POB Place of Birth OCC Trade or Occupation APPYRS Did You Serve an Apprenticeship? If So, How Long? WAGE94 What Wages did You Receive per Hour or Day in 1894? WAGE93 What Wages did You Receive per Hour or Day in 1893? WAGE92 What Wages did You Receive per Hour or Day in 1892? WAGE91 What Wages did You Receive per Hour or Day in 1891? WAGE90 What Wages did You Receive per Hour or Day in 1890? UNEMP94 During What Part of the Six Months ending June 30, 1894 Were You Out of Employment? UNEMP93 During What Part of 1893? UNEMP92 During What Part of 1892? UNEMP91 During What Part of 1891? UNEMP90 During What Part of 1890? PERIOD Are You Paid Weekly, Monthly or Semi-Monthly? COMP94 What Was Your Total Compensation from Your Employment for the Six Months ending June 30, 1894? COMP93 What Was Your Compensation in 1893? COMP92 What Was Your Compensation in 1892? COMP91 What Was Your Compensation in 1891? COMP90 What Was Your Compensation in 1890? WHAPP Did You Serve Your Apprenticeship in the United States? If Not, Where? WKPIE Do You Work by the Piece? EARMORE In Which Way Can You Earn Most, Working by the Piece, Hour or Day? DIFF If There is a Difference, State How Much? APPEMPL Are Apprentices Employed in Your Trade? DISPLACE Has the Introduction of Machinery in the Shop Where You Are Employed Displaced any Workman? If So, To What Extent? AFFWAGE Has the Introduction of Machinery Affected the Rate of Wages? WGCHG Has it Raised or Lowered Wages and How Much? HOURS How Many Hours Constitute a Day's Work in Your Trade? OWNHM Do You Own the House in Which You Live? ASSIST Was it Acquired through the Assistance of a Building and Loan Association? COMMENT Comments Attached to Some Cases or Answers Table 2 City to Which Surveyed Worker Belongs [RES] A Survey of 1,832 Construction Workers in Pennsylvania, 1894 Code Response Frequency 1 Beaver County 53 2 Blair County 134 3 Butler County 56 4 Cambria County 49 5 Crawford County 24 6 Erie County 46 7 Lackawanna County 42 8 Lancaster County 5 9 Lawrence County 48 10 Lycoming County 44 11 Mercer County 84 12 Montgomery County 2 13 Philadelphia 1,075 14 Pittsburgh 53 15 Venango County 49 16 Westmoreland County 68 Total 1,832 Table 3 Place of Birth [POB] A Survey of 1,832 Construction Workers in Pennsylvania, 1894 Code Response Frequency -9 No response 44 1 Australia 1 2 Austria 2 3 Canada 2 4 Denmark 6 5 England 159 6 France 3 7 Germany 56 8 Holland 1 9 Hungary 2 10 Ireland 90 11 Italy 3 12 Russia 6 13 Scotland 28 14 Sweden 2 15 Switzerland 3 16 Turkey 1 17 United States 1,417 18 Wales 6 Total 1,832 Table 4 Trade or Occupation [OCC] A Survey of 1,832 Construction Workers in Pennsylvania, 1894 Code Response Frequency -9 No response 46 1 Bricklayer 869 2 Carpenter 425 3 Hod carrier 9 4 Metal roofer 64 5 Painter 133 6 Paperhanger 1 7 Plasterer 143 8 Plumber 31 9 Slate roofer 7 10 Stonemason 85 11 Tinner 19 Total 1,832 Table 5 Did You Serve an Apprenticeship? If So, How Long? [APPYRS] A Survey of 1,832 Construction Workers in Pennsylvania, 1894 Years or code Frequency -9(No response) 63 -7("3 1-6 years") 1 -6("4 7-12 years") 1 -5("4 5-12 years") 1 -4("4 1-6 years") 1 -2("Yes") 26 -1("No") 58 0.500 - 1.000 year 19 1.001 - 2.000 64 2.001 - 3.000 626 3.001 - 4.000 616 4.001 - 5.000 237 5.001 - 6.000 46 6.001 - 7.000 63 7.001 - 8.000 4 8.001 - 9.000 4 9.001 - 10.000 2 Total 1,832 Table 6 What Wages Did You Receive per Hour or Day? A Survey of 1,832 Construction Workers in Pennsylvania, 1894 Frequency Wages 1894 1893 1892 1891 1890 or code [WAGE94][WAGE93][WAGE92][WAGE91][WAGE90] -49("$1.67 Paid by day") 0 1 1 1 1 -48("$1.50 Paid by day") 1 0 0 0 0 -47("1100, Report of wages by the year") 0 0 1 0 0 -46("At other business") 1 0 1 1 1 -45("Apprenticeship just completed") 2 1 0 0 0 -44("Contractor since 1892") 1 1 0 0 0 -43("Contract") 2 3 4 5 5 -42("$3.00 Paid by day") 0 1 0 0 0 -41("$2.75 Paid by day") 1 0 1 1 1 -40("1635, Report of wages by the year") 0 1 0 0 0 -39("A contractor") 9 5 5 6 6 -38("840, Report of wages by the year") 1 0 0 0 0 -37("25 & 28 cents") 1 0 0 0 0 -36("37 & 44 cents") 0 0 0 1 1 -35("37 & 40 cents") 0 0 1 0 0 -34("38 & 40 cents") 0 0 1 0 0 -33("40 & 42.5 cents") 0 1 0 0 0 -32("25 & 40 cents") 2 0 0 0 0 -31("40 - 45 cents") 1 2 0 0 0 -30("25 - 40 cents") 1 0 0 0 0 -29("30 & 35 cents") 0 0 0 0 1 -28("30 & 33 cents") 0 0 2 1 1 -27("28 - 31 cents") 1 0 0 0 0 -26("20 & 40 cents") 1 0 0 0 0 -25("28 - 33 cents") 1 0 0 0 0 -24("44 4-9 cents") 1 0 0 0 0 -23("45 & 56 cents") 0 0 1 0 1 -22("30 - 45 cents") 0 1 0 0 0 -21("45 - 50 cents") 0 0 1 0 0 -20("62.5 & 45 cents") 1 0 0 0 0 -19("55 5-9 cents") 1 1 0 0 0 -18("45 & 35 cents") 2 0 0 0 0 -17("47 2-9 cents") 1 0 0 0 0 -16("25 & 30 cents") 2 0 0 1 0 -14("45 & 55 cents") 1 1 0 0 0 -13("30 - 40 cents") 1 0 0 0 0 -12("45 & 60 cents") 0 0 0 0 1 -11("50 & 35 cents") 0 0 0 0 1 -10("47 & 45 cents") 1 0 0 1 1 -9(No response) 102 225 304 390 487 -7("45 & 50 cents") 1 1 2 2 1 -6("40 & 45 cents") 3 7 0 0 1 -5("27 - 33 cents") 1 0 0 0 0 -4("35 & 40 cents") 0 0 1 0 1 8.00 - 15.00 cents 36 23 23 28 35 15.01 - 20.00 159 115 93 88 102 20.01 - 25.00 235 198 202 206 189 25.01 - 30.00 239 227 219 176 160 30.01 - 35.00 175 165 154 167 153 35.01 - 40.00 133 112 185 226 251 40.01 - 45.00 647 703 571 458 366 45.01 - 50.00 29 32 56 62 54 50.01 - 87.00 3 5 3 11 11 Total 1,832 1,832 1,832 1,832 1,832 Table 7 During What Part of the Six Months ending June 30, 1894, Were You Out of Employment? [UNEMP94] A Survey of 1,832 Construction Workers in Pennsylvania, 1894 Month or code Frequency -9(No response) 394 -8("None") 210 0.50 - 1.00 month 129 1.01 - 2.00 271 2.01 - 3.00 380 3.01 - 4.00 303 4.01 - 5.00 102 5.01 - 6.00 143 Total 1,832 Table 8 During What Part of the Years, Were You Out of Employment? A Survey of 1,832 Construction Workers in Pennsylvania, 1894 Frequency Months 1893 1892 1891 1890 or code [UNEMP93] [UNEMP92] [UNEMP91] [UNEMP90] -9(No response) 597 719 813 894 -8("None") 187 200 173 175 -7("At other business") 0 1 1 1 -6("Apprentice") 0 1 1 1 -3("Blank in report") 0 1 0 2 0.50 - 1.00 month 99 99 97 86 1.01 - 2.00 182 166 139 118 2.01 - 3.00 281 237 240 217 3.01 - 4.00 225 214 202 187 4.01 - 5.00 78 65 44 54 5.01 - 6.00 98 77 73 68 6.01 - 7.00 28 11 18 10 7.01 - 8.00 23 20 17 6 8.01 - 9.00 10 8 5 4 9.01 - 10.00 4 5 1 1 10.01 - 11.00 5 1 1 0 11.01 - 12.00 15 7 7 8 Total 1,832 1,832 1,832 1,832 Table 9 Are You Paid Weekly, Monthly or Semi-monthly? [PERIOD] A Survey of 1,832 Construction Workers in Pennsylvania, 1894 Code Response Frequency -9 No response 165 -3 Blank in report 1 1 Bi-weekly 8 2 Monthly 111 3 Monthly & Semi-monthly 1 4 Quarterly 1 5 Semi-monthly 227 6 Semi-weekly 5 7 Weekly 1,291 8 Weekly & Monthly 9 9 Weekly & Semi-monthly 7 10 Contract 6 Total 1,832 Table 10 Total Compensation from Your Employment for the Six Months ending June 30, 1894 [COMP94] A Survey of 1,832 Construction Workers in Pennsylvania, 1894 Value or code Frequency -9(No response) 751 -8("$0.00") 23 $3.00 - 50.00 78 50.01 - 100.00 136 100.01 - 150.00 153 150.01 - 200.00 186 200.01 - 250.00 131 250.01 - 300.00 119 300.01 - 350.00 67 350.01 - 400.00 90 400.01 - 450.00 27 450.01 - 500.00 31 500.01 - 550.00 10 550.01 - 600.00 15 600.01 - 650.00 4 650.01 - 700.00 3 700.01 - 1,000.00 8 Total 1,832 Table 11 Compensation from Employment A Survey of 1,832 Construction Workers in Pennsylvania, 1894 Frequency Value 1893 1892 1891 1890 or code [COMP93] [COMP92] [COMP91] [COMP90] -9(No response) 913 977 1,039 1,088 $15.90 - 100.00 34 21 17 18 100.01 - 200.00 80 67 55 52 200.01 - 300.00 120 102 104 89 300.01 - 400.00 148 132 130 109 400.01 - 500.00 134 125 98 97 500.01 - 600.00 120 119 124 111 600.01 - 700.00 104 105 97 95 700.01 - 800.00 88 92 82 77 800.01 - 900.00 39 45 40 41 900.01 - 1,000.00 29 29 21 29 1,000.01 - 2,000.00 23 18 25 26 Total 1,832 1,832 1,832 1,832 Table 12 Did You Serve Your Apprenticeship in the US? If Not, Where? [WHAPP] A Survey of 1,832 Construction Workers in Pennsylvania, 1894 Code Response Frequency -9 No response 118 1 Austria 1 2 Austria & US 1 3 Canada 1 4 Denmark 6 5 England 99 6 England & US 2 7 Europe 1 8 France 3 9 Germany 28 10 Germany & US 2 11 Hungary 1 12 Ireland 28 13 Ireland & US 1 14 Italy 3 15 Russia 2 16 Scotland 19 17 Switzerland 2 18 US & England 1 19 United States 1,510 20 Wales 3 Total 1,832 Table 13 Do You Work By the Piece? [WKPIE] A Survey of 1,832 Construction Workers in Pennsylvania, 1894 Code Response Frequency -9 No response 229 1 No 1,403 2 Yes 89 3 Sometimes 105 4 Job 1 5 Piece 4 6 Partly 1 Total 1,832 Table 14 In Which Way Can You Earn Most? [EARMORE] A Survey of 1,832 Construction Workers in Pennsylvania, 1894 Code Response Frequency -9 No response 1,271 -3 Line missing in report 1 1 No 1 2 Piece 233 3 Hour 282 4 Day 40 5 Same 3 6 Piece work ruins the wages 1 7 Piece work is the ruination of the trade 1 Total 1,832 Table 15 If There Is a Difference, State How Much [DIFF] A Survey of 1,832 Construction Workers in Pennsylvania, 1894 Code Response Frequency -9 No response 1,492 1 $0.50-1/dy more 3 2 $0.75-1/dy more 3 3 $1-1.50/dy more 1 4 $1-2/dy more 2 5 $1-3/dy 1 6 $1-4/dy 1 7 $1.5-2/dy more 1 8 $1.50/dy more 3 9 $1.75/dy more 1 10 $1/dy more 12 11 $2/dy more 1 12 $3.50/wk more 1 13 $300/yr more 1 14 $5/week more 1 15 $6 or 7 more/wk 1 16 10% more 20 17 100% more 23 18 11% more 4 19 12% more 2 20 12.5% more 1 21 120% more 1 22 15% more 3 23 15-20ct/dy more 1 24 15ct/hr more 2 25 16 to 50% more 1 26 16% more 2 27 17% more 2 28 20% more 14 29 20-45ct/dy more 1 30 200% more 1 31 22% more 1 32 25% more 18 33 25-50% more 2 34 25-50ct/dy more 3 35 25-75ct/dy more 1 36 25ct/dy more 10 37 3 to 5% more 1 38 3-10ct/hr more 1 39 30% more 5 40 30ct/dy more 1 41 33% more 21 42 33.33% more 2 43 33.5% 1 44 35% more 2 45 40% more 1 46 45 to 90% 1 47 45% more 2 48 5% more 3 49 5-10ct/hr more 1 50 50 cts/day 1 51 50% more 20 52 50-70ct/dy more 1 53 50-75% more 1 54 50-75ct/dy more 3 55 50-80ct/dy more 1 56 50ct/dy more 17 57 60% more 1 58 60/mth more 1 59 60ct/dy more 1 60 65% more 1 61 66.66% more 1 62 75% more 1 63 75-90ct/dy more 1 64 75ct/dy more 5 65 80% more 2 66 A great deal 3 67 About $200 more 1 68 About $3 1 69 About 6% more 1 70 Considerable 1 71 More 2 72 No diff 56 73 No price is set 1 74 Same 4 75 Very little 13 76 No 6 77 Make more at piece work but will shorten life ten years 1 78 Line missing in report 1 79 Piece work is injurious to the trade 2 80 More at car and carriage work, and less at house painting: 80 cts. more at car work. 50 cts. more at carriage work per day, and $1.50 less at housework. 1 Total 1,832 Table 16 Are Apprentices Employed in Your Trade? [APPEMPL] A Survey of 1,832 Construction Workers in Pennsylvania, 1894 Code Response Frequency -9 No response 122 -3 Line missing in report 1 1 No 87 2 Yes 1,622 Total 1,832 Table 17 Has the Introduction of Machinery Displaced any Workmen? If So, To What Extent? [DISPLACE] A Survey of 1,832 Construction Workers in Pennsylvania, 1894 Code Response Frequency -9 No response 989 -3 Line missing in report 1 1 No 472 2 Yes 78 3 Hoisting machinery has displaced hod carriers 1 4 Hoisting machinery reduced laborers 50% 1 5 I believe machinery benefits labor 1 6 Machine made mortar has displaced mortar men 1 7 No machinery 168 8 No, employs more men 1 9 Paints were formerly ground by hand, now ground by machinery. 1 10 Yes, 10% 6 11 Yes, 13% 1 12 Yes, 20% 9 13 Yes, 25% 7 14 Yes, 30% 3 15 Yes, 33% 13 16 Yes, 50% 39 17 Yes, 50% in grinding paint 1 18 Yes, 50% mortar mixers 1 19 Yes, 60% 2 20 Yes, 66% 3 21 Yes, 70% 1 22 Yes, 75% 2 23 Yes, 80% 1 24 Yes, 89% 1 25 Yes, 90% displaced 1 26 Yes, about 5/8 of hod carriers 1 27 Yes, boys run the machines, and thereby displace journey men. 1 28 Yes, displaced hod carriers & laborers 1 29 Yes, hod carriers 14 30 Yes, hod-carriers $2.7 to 1.5 1 31 Yes, hod carriers, considerable 1 32 Yes, hoisting machinery 3 33 Yes, many 2 34 Yes, mortar mixers 1 35 Yes, thousands 1 36 Yes, very few 1 Total 1,832 Table 18 Has the Introduction of Machinery Affected the Rate of Wages? [AFFWAGE] A Survey of 1,832 Construction Workers in Pennsylvania, 1894 Code Response Frequency -9 No response 1,132 -3 Line missing in report 1 1 No 478 2 Yes 200 3 Hod carriers wages 1 4 Laborers only 1 5 Lowered hold carriers 1 6 No, only laborers 1 7 Not bricklayers 1 8 Yes, 60% 1 9 Yes, hod carriers 9 10 Yes, in shops 1 11 Yes, laborers 4 12 Yes indirectly 1 Total 1,832 Table 19 Has It Raised or Lowered Them and How Much? [WGCHG] A Survey of 1,832 Construction Workers in Pennsylvania, 1894 Code Response Frequency -9 No response 1,640 -3 Line missing in report 1 1 No 3 2 About 40% 1 3 From $2.7/day to 1.5/dy 1 4 Lowered 63 5 Lowered $1.20/dy 3 6 Lowered $1.25/dy 1 7 Lowered $1/dy 1 8 Lowered 10% 10 9 Lowered 100% 1 10 Lowered 12% 1 11 Lowered 16% 1 12 Lowered 20% 15 13 Lowered 22% 1 14 Lowered 25% 17 15 Lowered 25ct/dy 3 16 Lowered 30% 5 17 Lowered 33% 14 18 Lowered 35% 1 19 Lowered 40% 6 20 Lowered 43% 1 21 Lowered 45ct/dy 1 22 Lowered 5% 2 23 Lowered 50% 10 24 Lowered 50-75ct/dy 1 25 Lowered 50ct/dy 4 26 Lowered 5ct/hr 1 27 Lowered 60% 1 28 Lowered 66% 1 29 Lowered about 15% 2 30 Lowered about 25% 2 31 Lowered abt 33.33% 1 32 Lowered about 40% 1 33 Lowered from $2.7 to 1.5 1 34 Lowered from 30 to 17.5ct 1 35 Lowered hod car 40% 1 36 Lowered hod carriers 1 37 Lowered labs $1/dy 1 38 Lowered over 50% 1 39 Lowered to a great extent 1 40 Raised 7 41 Raised 25ct/dy 1 Total 1,832 Table 20 How Many Hours Constitute a Day's Work in Your Trade? [HOURS] A Survey of 1,832 Construction Workers in Pennsylvania, 1894 Hours or code Frequency -10("9 & 9 hours") 1 -9(No response) 118 -8("9 & 10 hours") 33 -7("8 - 10 hours") 6 -6("8 & 9 hours") 337 -5("8 & 8 hours") 2 -4("8 & 12 hours") 1 -3(Line missing in report) 1 -2("8 & 10" hours) 9 -1("No") 1 8 hours 172 9 841 10 309 12 1 Total 1,832 Table 21 Do You Own the House in Which You Live? [OWNHM] A Survey of 1,832 Construction Workers in Pennsylvania, 1894 Code Response Frequency -9 No response 128 -3 Line missing in report 1 1 No 1,277 2 Yes 425 3 Yes, partly 1 Total 1,832 Table 22 Was It Acquired through the Assistance of a Building and Loan Association? [ASSIST] A Survey of 1,832 Construction Workers in Pennsylvania, 1894 Code Response Frequency -9 No response 1,415 -3 Line missing in report 1 1 No 282 2 Yes 134 Total 1,832 Table 23 Comments Attached to Some Cases or Answers [COMMENT] A Survey of 1,832 Construction Workers in Pennsylvania, 1894 Code Response Frequency -9 No response 1,810 1 "Contract" in COMP93 & COMP92 1 2 "Piece work is ruining the trade" in DIFF 1 3 Fine wood worker 1 4 Foreman 1 5 Piece work kills all trades 1 6 Displaced hod carriers 1 7 "The use of iron, stone and terra cotta has displaced hod carriers" in DISPLACE 1 8 "I feel that machinery has benefitted labor to some extent." in DISPLACE 1 9 Employed as clerk from 1890 to June 15, 1894 1 10 Superintendent 1 11 A contractor 7 12 Sewer inspector $100.00 per month 1 13 Employer in 1894 1 14 Am now inspector of sewers in Philadelphia 2 15 "Worked as laborer 1893 and 1894" in WAGE94 & WAGE93 1 Total 1,832