CODEBOOK AND USER'S MANUAL: A SURVEY OF 1,084 WORKERS IN MAINE, 1890 REPORTED IN THE FIFTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE MAINE BUREAU OF INDUSTRIAL AND LABOR STATISTICS Version 2.1 May 22, 1993 Susan B. Carter Roger L. Ransom Richard Sutch Hongcheng Zhao Historical Labor Statistics Project Institute of Business and Economic Research University of California Berkeley, California 94720 This codebook is a preliminary draft. The data described here and accompanying this version of the codebook is still in a preliminary format and may contain errors. Those wishing to use this data for research purposes should check with the authors for an update. Neither the collectors of the data or those sponsoring the data collection wish to bear responsibility for the use to which others may make of this data. The financial support of the National Science Foundation, the All-UC Group in Economic History, and of the Institute of Business and Economic Research and the Laboratory for Historical Research, both of the University of California, is appreciated. For further description of the Historical Labor Statistics Project, discussion of the social, economic, and political context in which the data were collected, and an assessment of data quality, see Susan B. Carter, Roger L. Ransom, and Richard Sutch, "The Historical Labor Statistics Project at the University of California," Historical Methods 24 (2) (Spring 1991): 52-65 and Susan B. Carter, Roger L. Ransom, and Richard Sutch, "Doing the Wright Thing: Carroll Wright and the State Labor Statistics Movement." Paper Presented at the Conference on Historical Labor Statistics, Lawrence, Kansas, June 1991. Suggested Citation: Susan B. Carter, Roger L. Ransom, Richard Sutch, and Hongcheng Zhao. Codebook and User's Manual: A Survey of 1,084 Workers in Maine, 1890; Reported in the Fifth Annual Report of the Maine Bureau of Industrial and Labor Statistics. Berkeley: Institute of Business and Economic Research, 1993. A SURVEY OF 1,084 WORKERS IN MAINE, 1890 In 1887 the Bureau of Industrial and Labor Statistics for the State of Maine was charged with the responsibility of reporting to the governor "statistical details relating to all departments of labor in the State." To fulfill this charge, the Bureau mailed questionnaires to a group of families in the state in 1887 and again in 1888. Unfortunately, as the director noted two years later, "the results of this branch of statistical information have not proved so full and satisfactory as was to be desired." To remedy the shortcomings of the mail questionnaire, the Bureau in 1890 decided to employ "faithful and competent special agents" who could secure "directly from the workmen the facts desired." This procedure not only produced a much larger number of responses, it also ensured that "through the explanation of the questions asked in the blanks, the replies have been more fully and correctly given." In 1891 the Bureau published the results of its "investigation of the earnings and expenses, lost time, savings, etc., of mechanics and male and female operatives in mills and factories" in its Fifth Annual Report. Not much is reported concerning the coverage and selection of the respondents. The Commissioner commented: "The efforts of the Bureau have been so directed as that such facts and statistics as would be fairly representative of the trades and occupations canvassed, might be obtained." The survey reported the individual responses of 1,084 workers in 33 cities throughout the state during 1890. The History of Saving Project has transformed this data into machine-readable format using the procedures and codes outlined in this Codebook. Table 1 lists the questions asked in the survey and the variable names assigned to each response in the survey. Tables 2 through 27 present descriptive statistics on the values and distribution of responses to the questions, including, where necessary, the numeric codes used in entering the data into the computer. For the most part, the responses to the questions asked speak for themselves. The one variable that requires some explanation is TRADE: the trade or industry in which the worker was employed. The Bureau's Report grouped responses according to gender, "social condition" (i.e. with or without a family), and "industry" where the worker was employed. The distribution of workers according to these classifications is reported in Table 2. With regard to "industries," the Bureau appears to have made a distinction between those who were independently employed in trades (carpenters, painters, blacksmiths, machinists, laborers, teamsters, hostlers, stevedores, and harness makers) and those employed by a firm. For the tradesmen, the Bureau reported no additional occupational breakdown. For the employees of other industries in Table 2 (railroad hands, shipbuilders, icemen, cotton mill hands, shoemakers, paper makers, and brick makers) the Bureau reported the worker's "position" in the firm. This information has been coded as the OCC variable in the data set. Where no "position" was reported for the worker, the OCC variable is the same as the TRADE. Since version 2.0, some of the variable names and codes have been changed. Users are reminded to be aware of these changes. The data from this sample of 1,084 workers in Maine in 1890 has been archived at the Laboratory for Historical Research at the University of California, Riverside. For additional information regarding the availability of these data please contact: Professor Roger Ransom Department of History University of California Riverside, CA 92521 FAX [909] 787-5299 Reference Maine Bureau of Industrial and Labor Statistics, Fifth Annual Report of the Bureau of Industrial and Labor Statistics for the State of Maine, 1891. Burleigh and Flynt, 1892. Table 1 Questions Asked of Respondents A Survey of 1,084 Workers in Maine, 1890 Name Description PAGE Page on WHich Worker's Survey Results Begin ID Case Number SUB_ID Case Number within Industry TRADE Industry or Trade of Employment OCC Occupation MS Marital Status SEX Sex AGE Age POB Where Born RES Present Residence HOURS Number of Hours Employed Daily WAGEDAY Wages Per Day REGEAR Earnings from Regular Trade OTHEAR Earnings from other Services OFAMEAR Earnings from other Family Members TOTEAR Total Earnings RENT Annual Rent EXPFOOD Annual Expenses for Food EXPCLOT Annual Expenses for Clothing EXPFUEL Annual Expenses for Fuel and Light DUES Annual Dues Paid to Benefit Society INSLIFE Annual Life Insurance Premiums OTHEXP Other Expenses TOTEXP Total Expenses DLOSTSIC Days Lost Because of Sickness NOWORK Days Lost Because of Inability to Obtain Work DLOSTOTH Days Lost for other Reasons DLOST Total Days Lost OWNHM Worker is a Homeowner HMVALUE Value of Home MORT Amount of Mortgage on Home MORTINTR Interest Rate on Home Mortgage FAMSIZE Size of Worker's Family NOWAGE Number of Family Members Working for Wages WGINC Wage Increased, Percent WGDEC Wage Decreased, Percent CHEAP Could You Live Cheaper if Paid More UNION Worker Belongs to Labor Organization BENESOC Worker Belongs to Benefit Society BENEFIT Worker Received Weekly Benefit ACCOUNT Worker has Savings Account FORSAV Worker has Saved Money in former Years IFSAV Worker has Saved Money in Past Year IFDEBT Worker Ran into Debt in Past Year Table 2 Industry or Trade of Employment [TRADE] A Survey of 1,084 Workers in Maine, 1890 Frequency Code Response [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] 1 Carpenters skilled 72 8 0 0 80 2 rough 19 4 0 0 23 3 Masons 33 7 0 0 40 4 Tenders 15 5 0 0 20 5 Painters, skilled 25 8 0 0 33 6 Painters, unskilled 11 5 0 0 16 7 Blacksmiths 14 5 0 0 19 8 Machinists 29 0 0 0 29 9 Common Laborers 36 6 0 0 42 10 Teamsters 17 6 0 0 23 11 Barbers 9 5 0 0 14 12 Hostlers 7 0 0 0 7 13 Stevedor[e]s 6 2 0 0 8 14 Brick Makers 4 11 0 0 15 15 Harness Makers 10 5 0 0 15 16 Railroad Hands 49 22 0 0 72 17 Ship Builders 38 8 0 0 46 18 Icemen 60 35 0 0 95 19 Saw Mill 72 38 0 0 110 20 Cotton Mill Hands 49 22 4 14 89 21 Woolen Mill Hands 11 4 0 4 19 22 Shoemakers 97 39 9 27 172 23 Paper Makers 62 21 6 8 97 Total 746 266 19 53 1,084 Key: [1] Men With Families; [2] Men Without Families; [3] Women With Families; [4] Women Without Families; [5] Total Table 3 Occupation [OCC] A Survey of 1,084 Workers in Maine, 1890 Code Response Frequency 1 Assistant engineer, papermaker 1 2 Barber 14 3 Barman, ice 8 4 Barrer, shoemaker 1 5 Beamer, cotton mill 2 6 Beater 1st hand, papermaker 5 7 Beater 2nd hand, papermaker 7 8 Beater 3rd hand, papermaker 2 9 Beater out, shoemaker 4 10 Bedman, sawmill 11 11 Blacksmith 19 12 Blacksmith, railroad 1 13 Bleacher 1st hand, papermaker 2 14 Bleacher 2nd hand, papermaker 3 15 Bolter, sawmill 1 16 Brakeman, railroad 8 17 Breaster, shoemaker 1 18 Buffer, shoemaker 6 19 Burler, woolen mill 1 20 Burner, brickmaker 1 21 Button holes, shoemaker 5 22 Button sewer, shoemaker 1 23 Calendar, papermaker 2 24 Calker, shipbuilder 4 25 Car inspector, railroad 1 26 Card grinder, cotton mill 4 27 Card stripper, cotton mill 1 28 Carder, mill 2 29 Carpenter, skilled 81 30 Carpenter, unskilled 24 31 Carpenter, papermaker 2 32 Carpenter, shipbuilder 11 33 Channeler, shoemaker 1 34 Chiselman, ice 9 35 Circular sawyer, sawmill 1 36 Clapboard buncher, sawmill 2 37 Clapboard sawyer, sawmill 2 38 Clerk 2 39 Closer, shoemaker 4 40 Cloth cutter, shoemaker 1 41 Coating, papermaker 1 42 Cobbler, shoemaker 1 43 Conductor, railroad 2 44 Cook, railroad 1 45 Corder, shoemaker 1 46 Cutter, papermaker 9 47 Cutter, shoemaker 17 48 Deck lowerer, ice 1 49 Dogs logs, sawmill 4 50 Dragsawman, sawmill 1 51 Dresser, shoemaker 1 52 Dryer, woolen mill 1 53 Dubber, shipbuilder 2 54 Dunnager, ice 1 55 Dyer, cotton mill 4 56 Edge setter, shoemaker 7 57 Edge trimmer, shoemaker 4 58 Edger, sawmill 12 59 Edging sorter, sawmill 1 60 Electrician, papermaker 1 61 Elevator, cotton mill 2 62 Engineer, brickmaker 1 63 Engineer, railroad 2 64 Engineer, sawmill 4 65 Engineer, shoemaker 1 66 Eyeleter, shoemaker 1 67 Fair stitcher, shoemaker 1 68 Fastener, shipbuilder 6 69 Filer, sawmill 2 70 Filling winder, cotton mill 2 71 Finisher, papermaker 5 72 Finisher, shoemaker 7 73 Finisher, woolen mill 1 74 Fireman, papermaker 3 75 Fireman, railroad 3 76 Fireman, sawmill 3 77 Fireman, woolen mill 1 78 Folder, cotton mill 2 79 Foreman 5 80 Foreman car shop, railroad 1 81 Frame cleaner, cotton mill 1 82 Freight brakeman, railroad 5 83 Fuller, woolen mill 1 84 Gatekeeper, cotton mill 1 85 Gateman, railroad 3 86 Gravelman, railroad 9 87 Harnessmaker 15 88 Hatch hauler, ice 4 89 Head sawyer, sawmill 1 90 Heel burnisher, shoemaker 5 91 Heel scourer, shoemaker 2 92 Heel shaver, shoemaker 2 93 Heeler, shoemaker 2 95 High winder, cotton mill 1 97 Holdman, ice 6 98 Hostler 7 99 Houseman, ice 6 100 Jobber, ice 3 101 Joiner, shipbuilder 4 102 Laborer 46 103 Laster, shoemaker 30 104 Lath buncher, sawmill 1 105 Lath sawyer, sawmill 7 106 Limeman 1 107 Lining maker, shoemaker 4 108 Loom fixer, cotton mill 16 109 Loom fixer, woolen mill 1 110 Lowering machine, ice 4 111 Machine 2nd hand, papermaker 7 112 Machine 3rd hand, papermaker 1 113 Machine tender, papermaker 13 114 Machinist 41 115 Marker, sawmill 5 116 Mason 40 117 Mason tender 19 118 Master mechanic, papermaker 1 119 Mckay stitcher, shoemaker 2 120 Mule spinner, cotton mill 10 121 National heeler, shoemaker 5 122 Night watch, shoemaker 1 123 On bank, brickmaker 4 124 Packer, shoemaker 2 125 Painter, skilled 33 126 Pattern maker, railroad 1 127 Picker, mill 3 128 Picket sawyer, sawmill 2 129 Pickman, ice 7 130 Piper, woolen mill 1 131 Planer, sawmill 4 132 Presser, shoemaker 1 133 Rag room, papermaker 2 134 Rag sorter, papermaker 5 135 Re-laster, shoemaker 1 136 Repairer, sawmill 1 137 Rigger, shipbuilder 4 138 Road master, railroad 1 139 Rolls on, sawmill 5 140 Runman, ice 17 141 Sailmaker, shipbuilder 5 142 Sander, brickmaker 1 143 Sawyer, sawmill 1 144 Scale tender, ice 2 145 Seam stayer, shoemaker 3 146 Section foreman, railroad 2 147 Section hand 11 148 Setter, brickmaker 1 149 Shaft boy, cotton mill 1 150 Shank buffer, shoemaker 1 151 Shearer, cotton mill 1 152 Shingle buncher, sawmill 4 153 Shingle sawyer, sawmill 2 154 Slab cutter, sawmill 6 155 Slab piler, sawmill 1 156 Slasher tender, cotton mill 4 157 Smith, shipbuilder 3 158 Sorter, sawmill 1 159 Sorter, woolen mill 1 160 Sparmaker, shipbuilder 1 161 Spinner, mill 4 162 Spooler, cotton mill 4 163 Spring heeler, shoemaker 1 164 Stamper, shoemaker 1 165 Stevedore 11 166 Sticker, sawmill 3 167 Stitcher, shoemaker 7 168 Stock 1st hand, papermaker 4 169 Stock 2nd hand, papermaker 1 170 Stock cutter, papermaker 2 171 Stock fitter, shoemaker 11 172 Stock room, shoemaker 2 173 Store keeper, railroad 1 174 Stower, ice 12 175 Striker, brickmaker 3 176 Surveyor, sawmill 1 177 Takes away, sawmill 3 178 Teamster 39 179 Thresher 1st hand, papermaker 3 180 Thresher 2nd hand, papermaker 2 181 Ticket agent, railroad 1 182 Time keeper, railroad 1 183 Tool maker, railroad 1 184 Treer, shoemaker 7 185 Trimmer, sawmill 1 186 Turned work, shoemaker 5 187 Upper cutter, shoemaker 1 188 Vamper, shoemaker 11 189 Warper, cotton mill 1 190 Washer 1st hand, papermaker 3 191 Washer 2nd hand, papermaker 2 192 Watchman, ice 1 193 Weaver, mill 14 194 Web drawer, cotton mill 2 195 Weigher, ice 2 196 Welter, shoemaker 1 197 Wheeler, brickmaker 3 198 Wood worker, railroad 7 199 Yard boss, railroad 1 200 Yard boy 1 201 Yard hand 12 202 Yokeman, ice 4 203 Painter, unskilled 22 Total 1,084 Table 4 Sex [SEX] A Survey of 1,084 Workers in Maine, 1890 Code Response Frequency 1 Male 1,012 2 Female 72 Total 1,084 Table 5 Marital Status [MS] A Survey of 1,084 Workers in Maine, 1890 Code Response Frequency 1 Single 319 2 Married 765 Total 1,084 Table 6 Age [AGE] A Survey of 1,084 Workers in Maine, 1890 Age Frequency 16 - 20 years old 52 21 - 25 155 26 - 30 221 31 - 35 163 36 - 40 200 41 - 45 100 46 - 50 98 51 - 55 36 56 - 60 35 61 - 65 13 66 - 70 7 71 - 76 4 Total 1,084 Table 7 Place of Birth [POB] A Survey of 1,084 Workers in Maine, 1890 Code Response Frequency 1 Canada 145 2 Connecticut 2 3 England 7 4 Indiana 1 5 Iowa 2 6 Ireland 29 7 Maine 830 8 Massachusetts 23 9 New Hampshire 10 10 New Jersey 2 11 New York 10 12 Ohio 1 13 Pennsylvania 1 14 Rhode Island 2 15 Scotland 4 16 South Carolina 2 17 Sweden 2 18 Vermont 7 19 Virginia 3 20 France 1 Total 1,084 Table 8 Present Residence [RES] A Survey of 1,084 Workers in Maine, 1890 Code Response Frequency 1 Auburn 15 2 Augusta 72 3 Bangor 82 4 Bath 79 5 Belfast 44 6 Benton 1 7 Biddeford 81 10 Brewer 22 12 Bucksport 8 17 Clinton 1 22 Fairfield 14 23 Farmingdale 10 26 Freeport 1 27 Gardiner 220 28 Hallowell 48 29 Hampden 13 30 Hartland 1 32 Kennebunk 30 33 Lewiston 18 34 Lisbon Falls 30 37 Mt Desert 1 43 Orrington 13 45 Phippsburg 1 46 Pittston 3 47 Portland 6 49 Randolph 35 50 Richmond 73 52 Saco 49 57 Springvale 1 62 Tremont 1 66 Waterville 106 67 Westbrook 1 68 Winterport 4 Total 1,084 Table 9 Number of Hours Worked Each Day [HOURS] A Survey of 1,084 Workers in Maine, 1890 Hours Frequency 8 hours 2 9 27 10 902 11 73 12 61 13 10 14 6 15 3 Total 1,084 Table 10 Daily Wages Reported [WAGEDAY] A Survey of 1,084 Workers in Maine, 1890 Wage Frequency $0.57 - 1.00 72 1.01 - 1.50 298 1.51 - 2.00 460 2.01 - 2.50 178 2.50 - 3.00 61 3.01 - 3.50 10 3.51 - 4.00 4 4.01 - 4.50 1 Total 1,084 Table 11 Total Family Income and Total Expenditures A Survey of 1,084 Workers in Maine, 1890 Frequency Value Income Expenditures [TOTEAR] [TOTEXP] $112.00 - 150.00 2 3 150.01 - 200.00 13 15 200.01 - 250.00 33 62 250.01 - 300.00 74 127 300.01 - 350.00 128 153 350.01 - 400.00 139 179 400.01 - 450.00 145 161 450.01 - 500.00 133 140 500.01 - 550.00 109 93 550.01 - 600.00 100 66 600.01 - 650.00 61 39 650.01 - 700.00 43 22 700.01 - 750.00 37 8 750.01 - 800.00 32 8 800.01 - 1240.00 35 8 Total 1,084 1,084 Table 12 Incomes from Trade, other Family Members and other Sources A Survey of 1,084 Workers in Maine, 1890 Frequency Value Trade Family Other or code [REGEAR] [OFAMEAR] [OTHEAR] -9(No response) 0 916 858 $5.00 - 150.00 8 51 207 150.01 - 200.00 38 30 7 200.01 - 250.00 82 22 7 250.01 - 300.00 126 19 1 300.01 - 350.00 138 12 3 350.01 - 400.00 127 7 1 400.01 - 450.00 142 8 0 450.01 - 500.00 127 4 0 500.01 - 550.00 95 4 0 550.01 - 600.00 84 8 0 600.01 - 650.00 45 1 0 650.01 - 700.00 24 1 0 700.01 - 750.00 18 0 0 750.01 - 800.00 16 0 0 800.01 - 1080.00 14 1 0 Total 1,084 1,084 1,084 Table 13 Annual Rent [RENT] A Survey of 1,084 Workers in Maine, 1890 Rent or code Frequency -9(No response) 603 $24.00 - 30.00 10 30.01 - 40.00 5 40.01 - 50.00 26 50.01 - 60.00 66 60.01 - 70.00 14 70.01 - 80.00 84 80.01 - 90.00 85 90.01 - 100.00 93 100.01 - 110.00 26 110.01 - 120.00 44 120.01 - 240.00 28 Total 1,084 Table 14 Annual Expenses on Food [EXPFOOD] A Survey of 1,084 Workers in Maine, 1890 Value Frequency $52.00 - 100.00 27 100.01 - 150.00 228 150.01 - 200.00 505 200.01 - 250.00 192 250.01 - 300.00 77 300.01 - 350.00 25 350.01 - 400.00 22 400.01 - 450.00 6 450.01 - 500.00 2 Total 1,084 Table 15 Annual Expenses on Clothing [EXPCLOT] A Survey of 1,084 Workers in Maine, 1890 Value Frequency $15.00 - 25.00 20 25.01 - 50.00 309 50.01 - 75.00 347 75.01 - 100.00 233 100.01 - 125.00 80 125.01 - 150.00 54 150.01 - 175.00 32 175.01 - 200.00 7 200.01 - 225.00 2 Total 1,084 Table 16 Annual Expenses on Fuel and Light [EXPFUEL] A Survey of 1,084 Workers in Maine, 1890 Value or code Frequency -9(No response) 333 $20.00 - 25.00 15 25.01 - 30.00 58 30.01 - 35.00 123 35.01 - 40.00 274 40.01 - 45.00 153 45.01 - 50.00 87 50.01 - 55.00 14 55.01 - 60.00 17 60.01 - 65.00 7 65.01 - 70.00 2 70.01 - 75.00 1 Total 1,084 Table 17 Annual Dues Paid to Benefit Society [DUES] A Survey of 1,084 Workers in Maine, 1890 Value or code Frequency -9(No response) 549 $1.00 - 2.00 76 2.01 - 4.00 206 4.01 - 6.00 92 6.01 - 8.00 53 8.01 - 10.00 35 10.01 - 12.00 24 12.01 - 14.00 14 14.01 - 16.00 10 16.01 - 18.00 3 18.01 - 20.00 6 20.01 - 60.00 16 Total 1,084 Table 18 Annual Life Insurance Premiums [INSLIFE] A Survey of 1,084 Workers in Maine, 1890 Value or code Frequency -9(No response) 837 $1.00 - 10.00 36 10.01 - 20.00 130 20.01 - 30.00 44 30.01 - 40.00 13 40.01 - 50.00 14 50.01 - 60.00 4 60.01 - 120.00 6 Total 1,084 Table 19 Other Expenses [OTHEXP] A Survey of 1,084 Workers in Maine, 1890 Value Frequency $15.00 - 25.00 113 25.01 - 50.00 310 50.01 - 75.00 237 75.01 - 100.00 156 100.01 - 125.00 80 125.01 - 150.00 69 150.01 - 175.00 47 175.01 - 200.00 32 200.01 - 225.00 17 225.01 - 250.00 12 250.01 - 466.00 11 Total 1,084 Table 20 Number of Workers Reporting Days Lost from Work by Causes A Survey of 1,084 Workers in Maine, 1890 Frequency Days Total No Work Sick Other or code [DLOST] [NOWORK] [DLOSTSIC] [DLOSTOTH] -9(No response) 119 510 849 495 1 - 10 days 100 8 92 132 11 - 20 96 40 49 141 21 - 30 97 47 40 129 31 - 40 40 28 13 57 41 - 50 82 69 8 53 51 - 60 57 43 15 21 61 - 70 65 52 3 19 71 - 80 75 78 3 13 81 - 90 66 71 2 10 91 - 100 56 61 10 6 101 - 197 231 77 10 8 Total 1,084 1,084 1,084 1,084 Table 21 Value of Home [HMVALUE] A Survey of 1,084 Workers in Maine, 1890 Value or code Frequency -9(No response) 799 $19.00 - 500.00 24 500.01 - 1000.00 96 1000.01 - 1500.00 86 1500.01 - 2000.00 38 2000.01 - 2500.00 22 2500.01 - 3000.00 12 3000.01 - 3500.00 3 3500.01 - 5000.00 4 Total 1,084 Table 22 Amount of Mortgage on Home [MORT] A Survey of 1,084 Workers in Maine, 1890 Value or code Frequency -9(No response) 1,023 $24.00 - 100.00 2 100.01 - 200.00 17 200.01 - 300.00 12 300.01 - 400.00 12 400.01 - 500.00 5 500.01 - 600.00 3 600.01 - 2600.00 10 Total 1,084 Table 23 Interest Rate on Home Mortgage [MORTINTR] A Survey of 1,084 Workers in Maine, 1890 Percent or code Frequency -9(No response) 1,023 5.00 % 4 6.00 44 7.00 7 8.00 4 9.00 2 Total 1,084 Table 24 Number of Family Members And Number of Members Working for Wages A Survey of 1,084 Workers in Maine, 1890 Frequency Number Family Size Working for wages [FAMSIZE] [NOWAGE] 1 person 319 918 2 171 127 3 206 24 4 184 8 5 101 6 6 52 1 7 21 0 8 17 0 9 6 0 10 6 0 12 1 0 Total 1,084 1,084 Table 25 Percentage of Increase in Wage [WGINC] A Survey of 1,084 Workers in Maine, 1890 Percent or code Frequency -9(No response) 982 -8(Wage decreased, see WAGEDEC) 63 5.00 % 1 6.00 2 8.00 4 9.00 1 10.00 8 12.50 8 14.00 4 15.00 3 16.00 2 17.00 3 22.00 1 25.00 1 83.00 1 Total 1,084 Table 26 Percentage of Decrease in Wage [WGDEC] A Survey of 1,084 Workers in Maine, 1890 Percent or code Frequency -9(No response) 982 -8(Wage increased, see WAGEINC) 39 3.00 % 2 5.00 5 6.00 1 7.00 5 8.00 4 10.00 12 11.00 2 12.00 2 12.50 16 14.00 1 15.00 6 16.30 1 20.00 6 Total 1,084 Table 27 Yes/No Questions on Labor Organizations, Benefit Societies, and Saving in Past Years A Survey of 1,084 Workers in Maine, 1890 Frequency Questions w/ variable names 1 2 Total ("No") ("Yes") Live Cheaper if Paid More Often [CHEAP] 803 281 1,084 Belongs to Labor Organization [UNION] 774 310 1,084 Belongs to Benefit Society [BENESOC] 731 353 1,084 Receives Weekly Benefits [BENEFIT] 817 267 1,084 Has Saving Account [ACCOUNT] 901 183 1,084 Has Saved Money in Former Years [FORSAV] 388 696 1,084 Has Saved Money in Past Year [IFSAV] 488 596 1,084 Has Run Into Debt Past Year [IFDEBT] 978 106 1,084