Prof. John H. Munro munro5@chass.utoronto.ca
Department of Economics john.munro@utoronto.ca
University of Toronto http://www.economics.utoronto.ca/munro5/
Note: All of the course materials indicated in this outline are available 'on-line', on my Home Page website, whose URL is:
http://www.economics.utoronto.ca/munro5/
Only this course outline will be made available to the class in a 'hard copy' print-out; and the remaining course materials must, therefore, be obtained from my Home Page. I can also send such materials as e-mail attachments (in WordPerfect); or supply printed copies to those who do not have access to the internet, but at cost for the latter option.
1. INTRODUCTION
A course in historical economic development: on the origins and nature of modern urban industrialization and of our modern society, covering the Netherlands, Great Britain, France, Germany, and Russia, from c.1700 to 1914.
Professor: John H. MUNRO
Office: Economics Department Building
150 St. George Street
Room: S - 203 (South Wing, second floor, SE corner)
Telephone: 416 - 978 - 4552
Fax: 416 - 978 - 6713
e-mail (internet) munro5@chass.utoronto.ca
website (homepage) http://www.economics.utoronto.ca/munro5/
Office Hours: Thursday afternoons: 3:00 to 4:30 P.M.
Or by appointment (contacting me by phone, fax, or e-mail).
Class Hours and Room: Wednesdays, 3:00 - 5:00 p.m.
Larkin 240 (LA240: in Trinity College)
2. COURSE PRE-REQUISITES
Prerequisite: ECO 200Y1/206Y1; plus seven other courses.
Exclusion: ECO 203Y [a former version, last given several years ago]
Special Notes to be closely observed:
a) If you have any doubts concerning the prerequisites and whether you have met them, consult me immediately. The prerequisites for this course are the same as those for any other third-year economic history course [with the qualifications noted in the 1999-2000 Calendar for Eco. 342Y1, to accommodate International Studies majors]
b) Thus, please note carefully that the Director of Undergraduate Studies and his Executive Assistant check prerequisites closely. If a computer check reveals that you lack the required prerequisites, a letter will be sent to you informing you of this situation and requiring you to consult your College Registrar. If no further action is taken by you or the Registrar, you will be automatically delisted from the course. Thus it is imperative that you verify that both your College Registrar and the Department of Economics have your correct address.
c) If you have come from another university, with equivalents courses to fulfill the required prerequisites, please notify the department's Director of Undergraduate Studies immediately; and especially if you receive such a letter. Unfortunately, the computer check will not reveal these alternative prerequisites and will thus incorrectly designate you as deficient and unqualified for this course. Again: if you come from another university, take action immediately.
3. STRUCTURE OF MARKS:
a) Term Work: counts for 60% of the final grade.
There are THREE components, each worth 1/3 of the Term Mark, and thus 20% of the Final Mark for each, i.e. 20 marks.
i) First Term Essay: due on Friday, 30 November 2001
ii) Mid-Year Test: on Tuesday, 15 January 2002 (to be handed in)
This is the only term test for the course, a take-home test, which I alone grade. In the first week of classes in the New Year, on Tuesday 8 January 2002, you will be given a list of ten (10) essay-type questions; and you will choose one of them, one not related to your term essay, to be answered in essay form (though without footnotes). If you choose to do this voluntary take-home exam, which you may regard as just another essay, you will submit it to me one-week later, on Tuesday, 15 January 2002, with no extensions permitted. If you do not do this assignment, or cannot meet the deadline, then you must submit a third term essay (based on a topic from either term: see below).
iii) Second Term Essay: due on Friday, 22 March 2002. Those submitting their essays by this due date will enjoy the guarantee of having their graded essay returned to them on the last day of classes in this course.
iv) Alternatives:
(1) You may substitute another regular term essay for the mid-year test, preferably drawn from first-term topics; and that essay will be due on the last day of classes: Friday, 12 April 2002.
(2) As already noted, if you fail to hand in the mid-year test on time, then you must submit another regular term essay (as above), which again will be due on the last day of classes, in April.
(3) You may submit three essays and the take-home test and receive the highest three marks, without any penalty or prior permission. This option, however, is valid only for those who actually submit all FOUR pieces of term work, and submit all of them in acceptable form. Thus the 'third' essay, due in April, cannot be submitted in lieu of a non-existent or otherwise ineligible first or second term essay.
b) The Final Examination: counts for the remaining 40% of the Final Grade.
i) The final examination, held in the regular examination period in April-May 2002, will be three hours long, and will cover work in both terms.
ii) The usual format of the final examination, is the following:
(1) Three equal Parts, I - III, with four essay-type questions to each part, and thus a total of twelve essay questions.
(2) Each Part covers the main divisions of the course, over both terms: early-modern up to and including the Industrial Revolution era (1660-1815); the Industrial Revolution era to the mid-19th century (1760-1850); and comparative European industrialization from 1850 to 1914.
(3) Students are asked to select one question from each of the three Parts, for a total of three questions, ideally spending one hour on each question.
(4) All questions, therefore, are equally weighted.
iii) Students are permitted to answer questions related to their term essays, and mid-year take-home test.
iv) I alone grade the final examination, grading the entire examination as a unit (i.e. rather than marking by questions).
4. THEME AND ORGANIZATION OF THE COURSE
This course provides an historical analysis of the processes of European economic development from the eve of the British 'Industrial Revolution' to the eve of World War I. Its major theme is the origins, development, and dynamics of modern urban industrialization, of our modern industrial economies.
Because Great Britain was the homeland of the modern 'industrial revolution' and the first modern industrial state, it will receive a disproportionate share of attention in this course. Engaging in comparative history, we shall then seek to determine the extent to which industrialization in the major continental countries -- the Netherlands, France, Germany, and Russia -- followed, was influenced by, and/or differed from this British model. The course in fact will begin with a survey of the Dutch economic hegemony in Europe from the later 17th to mid-18th centuries, to see what influence the Dutch economy and Dutch economic institutions had upon the British economy, and in particular on the origins of the modern Industrial Revolution: in terms of both Dutch investments, and of 'challenge and response'.
At the same time, we shall also seek to determine the various influences, direct and indirect, that changes in other economic sectors -- regional, national, and international -- had upon these processes of modern industrialization: in the agricultural, commercial, and financial sectors. For that reason, an analysis of industrialization in each country will normally follow analyses of changes in the other economic sectors.
Our study of European economic development will also consider the broader roles of other factors, economic and non-economic: in particular, the macro-economic forces of demographic and monetary/price changes; of institutional, social, political, and cultural factors; and most especially the role of the state. Finally, from examining all these forces, economic and non-economic, we shall also seek to understand the nature and role of the physical sciences and of technological change in modern European economic development.
While the time-span for this course is 1750 to 1914, we cannot possibly understand the origins and nature of modern European economic development without at least some brief references to prior economic developments, especially to technological changes, chiefly from the 1660s. The modern 'industrial revolution', which most historians consider to be more an evolutionary than a revolutionary phenomenon, did not suddenly begin in 1750, independently of past events.
Finally, it is my firm intention to make this course both relevant to and comprehensible for students in economics, history, sociology, political science, and geography; yet necessarily I must use a basic minimum amount of economic theory, micro- and macro-, in this course.
Please note that modern and contemporary European economic history, from World War I to the 1990s, is given in ECO 342Y: Twentieth Century Economic History. Late-medieval and early-modern European economic history, up to 1750, is given in ECO 201Y and ECO 453Y (both of which I also offer).
5. TEXTBOOKS AND READINGS FOR THE COURSE:
a) Primary Readings:
i) This is not a 'textbook course', and thus the text-books that are listed below, and available for sale in the University of Toronto Bookstore, are optional; i.e. you are not required either to buy or to read them. Furthermore, I do not necessarily endorse everything written in them; and in many cases, I will express my own sharp disagreements with these authors, just as they disagree with other authors (including me).
ii) Primary Reading Assignments: for the essay topics.
I would prefer that you devote more attention to the readings (especially those marked with an asterisk *) supplied in the five one-page reading lists, for each term, which will also provide the basic bibliographies for the most recommended essay topics. (These were formerly tutorial topics, when university finances and larger student enrolments permitted me to offer tutorials).
iii) Packaged Readings:
For each term, you may purchase a package of about 18 - 20 articles and essays, i.e. about three or four readings for each of these recommended five essay topics, from the following commercial firm, on campus, at the corner of Harbord and Spadina, which is operated by Mr. Darryl Lynds (pager: 416 - 442 - 5927):
Scholar House Productions
100 Harbord Street (at Spadina: Main Floor)
Toronto, Ontario M5S 1G6
phone: (416) 977 - 9641 fax: (416) 977 - 0147
e-mail: lynds@scholar-house.on.ca or sales@scholar-house.on.ca
The price of each set is reckoned as follows: $0.050 per published page, for copyright searches and royalties, which sum goes to CopyCan, plus $0.035 per duplicated sheet (8.5 by 11), with two published pages per sheet, plus the cost of binding. I will inform the class of the final cost of the package of readings, each term. Note that you must use a minimum of five published sources for each essay topic.
iv) Relevance for the final examination: as will be explained further, each of these five topics per term, and thus ten for the year, will appear in some form on the final examination, sometimes with two topics amalgamated into one examination question
.
b) Some Recommended Textbooks (Optional): some but not all available at the U of T Bookstore
(1) Peter Mathias, The First Industrial Nation: An Economic History of Britain, 1700 - 1914, 2nd revised edn. (London: Methuen and Co, 1983). [First edition: 1969] 522 pp., but only 444 pp. of text. HC 253 M36 1983. For the entire course.
(2) David Landes, The Unbound Prometheus: Technological Change and Industrial Development in Western Europe from 1750 to the Present (London and Toronto: Cambridge University Press, 1969). In paperback, CAM 418: 566 pp., of which pp. 1-358 pertain to this course, up to 1914. HC 240 L35. For the second term: In some respects outdated, but it is in print and available.
(3) Clive Trebilcock, The Industrialization of the Continental Powers, 1780 - 1914 (London and New York: Longman, 1981). In paperback, 495 pp.; but chapter 5 (on Italy, Austria-Hungary, and Spain), pp. 292 -384, can be omitted. HC 240 T69 1981. This used to be the principal text recommended for the second term; but unfortunately it is now out of print. The Bookstore, however, is attempting to supply second hand copies.
(4) Derek Aldcroft and Simon Ville, eds., The European Economy, 1750 - 1914: A Thematic Approach (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1994). HC 240 E86 1994. An approach different from the one taken in this course. Nevertheless, if the Trebilcock is not available, this would be a reasonably acceptable substitute.
(5) Lee A. Craig and Douglas Fisher, The Integration of the European Economy, 1850 - 1913 (London and Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1997). HC/241/C73/1997X. Another possible alternative to Trebilcock's The Industrialization of the Continental Powers, 1780 - 1914
(6) Alan Milward and S. B. Saul, The Economic Development of Continental Europe, 1780 - 1870, 2nd edn. (London: Allen and Unwin, 1979) [First edn. 1973], 548 pp. HC 240 M646 1979.; and Alan Milward and S.B. Saul, The Development of the Economies of Continental Europe, 1850 - 1914 (London, Allen and Unwin, 1977), 555 pp. HC 240 M55. These two books are together obviously much too long and too expensive to be recommended as textbooks, though certainly they are worth consulting in the library.
In addition to these books, you should (I am tempted to say 'must') acquire the following:
*** Deirdre N. McCloskey, Economical Writing, 2nd edition (Waveland Press, Illinois, 2000). In 89 pages of text.
This book is evidently not in the Robarts Library, which probably decided not to acquire it in addition to the previous version, published as: D. N. McCloskey, The Writing of Economics (New York: MacMillan, 1987), which is thus now out of print, but may be available as second-hand copies. In just 63 pages. PE 1479 E35M33 1987. Most students should find this short book valuable for writing essays, both in economic history and in economics more generally.
See also the separate handout COURSE BIBLIOGRAPHY: A guide to some readings in modern European economic history.
6. LECTURES:
TWO Hours of lectures only per week:
TUESDAYS, 3:00 - 5:00 p.m. , in LA 240 (Trinity College: Larkin Building)
a) Lectures are not compulsory; but you would be foolish to skip lectures, since you will be responsible for all lecture materials on the mid-year test and the final examination.
b) Furthermore, many of my lectures differ from or contradict the readings; and, whether or not you agree with the lectures, you must understand the reasons for my disagreements.
c) Finally, you simply do not have the time to do all of the reading necessary to cover this course adequately, to keep up with the current journal literature in particular; and the lectures should provide you with a more economical means of selecting and understanding your readings.
d) My lecture notes will be posted on my Home Page (see above), individually, within one week of their delivery in class, in pdf format only. That means that you must have Adobe Acrobat Reader installed on you computer; and if you do not have it, you can download it for free from this website: http://www.adobe.com/products/acrobat/readstep.html.
e) Note: the lectures are not available as a set, but only individually, on a weekly or sometimes bi-weekly basis. The reason for this seemingly awkward inconvenience is two-fold:
i) I reserve the right to revise my lectures just before and after I give them, in light of class discussion, often adding new graphs or tables.
ii) If you were to buy the entire set at the beginning of the year, you would have a much reduced incentive to come to class.
f) If you do not have a computer or access to the internet, I may arrange to have printed copies made available via the departmental Librarian, Mrs. Ursula Gutenburg, in Room N107 (phone: 978 - 8623), but not for free. They will be priced individually at $3.00 per individual set of lectures, and will be produced on the basis of individual orders only. In this day and age, you should be equipped with a computer, and one with internet access
g) On attending lectures: My advice to you, therefore, is to come to class each time, listen to the lectures, ask questions, and make a few notes on some key points; and then read the entire lecture the following week, or sometime later.
h) On the other hand, I cannot cover everything in these lectures, even in the detailed published lecture notes; and you are therefore strongly advised to do the readings (if only the asterisked items *) on the five one-page reading lists handed out each term. These Reading assignments will normally not exceed 30-40 pages a week.
7. TERM ESSAYS: Two essays, one per term, worth 20 marks each.
a) Essay Deadlines:
First Term Topics: Friday, 30 November 2001
Second Term Topics: Friday, 22 March 2002
b) Penalties for Lateness: if you do not obtain an extension before the due date.
One-third of a letter-grade per week of unauthorized lateness: e.g. a reduction from B- to C+; from C+ to C, etc.
c) Exceptions, concerning deadlines and penalties:
i) Students may request extensions on medical or compassionate grounds (family problems, etc.), but normally on no other grounds.
ii) The regulations of the Faculty of Arts and Science now require that a medical note (doctor's letter, etc.) be submitted to the professor within one week of a test or essay deadline missed because of unforseen illness.
iii) Part-Time students, in view of their limited access to libraries and in view of their time constraints, are not required to submit their essays and/or Tutorial reports until the first week of April: Wednesday, 3 April 2002.
d) Essay Length:
Essays should be about 3,000 words long, or about 10 typewritten or word-processed pages, with double-spaced typing. The minimum length is 2,100 words (about 7 pages) and the normal maximum is 3,600 words (about 12 pages), which, with my permission, may be extended to 4,500 words (about 15 pages). Please have your essays prepared on a typewriter or word-processor, if at all possible. Handwritten essays will be accepted, but only if they are neat and legible.
e) Essays: Research and Documentation:
i) Research: your essay must be based on your own research derived from several sources: at least five published sources, in the form of books, published essays, journal articles, etc. An essay based on one or two sources does not constitute research, and will not receive a passing grade. Be warned!
ii) Sources taken from the internet ('the web') may be used only in addition to the specified minimum of published research sources, and must be used with care, except for statistical sources derived from Statistics Canada, the U.S. Bureau of Statistics, United Nations sources, etc.
The internet, or the 'web', is not a satisfactory and acceptable substitute for research on published sources, chiefly because material appearing on the web has rarely if ever been academically refereed and approved for publication;
iii) All essays must contain both source citations (as footnotes, endnotes, or within parentheses within the text) and a BIBLIOGRAPHY. All sources must be briefly annotated.
iv) The bibliographies must be presented alphabetically, in the correct form, as follows:
v) You should list primary sources (printed documents, sets of statistics, etc) and secondary sources (journal articles, books, essays in books, etc.), separately, and in this order: primary and then secondary.
vi) Within each bibliographic set (primary and secondary) authors and/or editors must be listed alphabetically by the last name; but within the set of secondary sources, provide these sources alphabetically, without distinguishing or separating monographs, essays in books, journal article, etc. from each other, while making clear which sources are monographs, essays in books, and journal articles.
vii) Note: all bibliographic entries must be annotated with a very brief description of the contents, to prove that you actually used and understood the book, essay, or article cited. You may do so succinctly in about three lines for each source cited, just so long as you can convince me that you did indeed use this source. A one-line statement is insufficient and will result in the non-acceptance of your essay.
viii) If you fail to observe any of these requirements, concerning footnotes and bibliographies, your essay will be returned to you unread and thus ungraded. You may, however, resubmit your essay in proper form, following all the required regulations, without any penalty.
f) Subject Matter of Term Essays:
Essay topics must be based on the subject matter of the course covered in that term. Thus, a first-term essay topic, as indicated by the course outline and/or list of tutorial topics, will not be acceptable in the second term, and vice versa, without special permission. This rule does not apply for the second term if you submit three essays. If you are in doubt about this rule, or any topic, consult me first.
g) Essay Topics: May be chosen as follows, from the three following lists (A, B, C):
i) The A List: Primary Topics
(1) The list of the five (5) primary and most recommended topics chosen for the course each term; these topics change from year to year.
(3) As noted above, a package of the most important of the readings for each of these five primary topics is available for sale at Scholar House Productions.
(4) For each of these topics, students may purchase a much fuller bibliographic-statistical package: one containing bibliographies organized by sub-topics, and presented chronologically by publication date; a set of graphs, statistical tables, maps, etc.; and potential essay questions. The cost will be $5.00 per set (PST and GST included), though I will negotiate a smaller sum for short bibliographies.
(5) You will be required to construct the exact wording of your essay topic, which should be narrower in scope than the general reading topic; and this extended bibliography set may assist you in constructing your topic.
ii) The B List: Secondary Topics:
(1) This is, in fact, the master-list of all 25general topics, chiefly debate topics -- which includes the topics indicated above, as well as topics offered in other years -- for the entire year.
(2) This list not provides a total of 25 separate topics, but for each topic, it outlines its major importance in terms of both economics and economic history.
iii) The C List: Tertiary Topics:
h) Instructions on Essay Writing:
Note carefully the instructions on essay writing: in the accompanying free handout on Instructions on Writing Term Essays; and also in Deirdre N. McCloskey, Economical Writing, 2nd edn. (Waveland Press, Illinois, 2000); formerly issued as The Writing of Economics (New York: MacMillan, 1987), which is out of print, but may be available as second-hand copies. If you wish to consult it in the library: its LC code is PE 1479 E35M33 1987.
i) Plagiarism:
In particular, you must avoid plagiarism, deliberate or not. Plagiarism is defined as: copying even in part from another source without acknowledgement, submitting work that is not your own, or submitting an essay handed in to another course. Plagiarism is an extremely serious offence, for which the penalties range from the minimum of a zero grade for the essay concerned to failure in the course itself, and to the maximum: expulsion from the university.
When you are taking notes for an essay, make short précis of what you have read. Do not copy the text word for word; because then you are likely to copy, word for word, your notes in writing the essay, and end up committing unintentional plagiarism. Given this warning, a plea of 'unintentional plagiarism' cannot be accepted as an excuse.
j) A second copy of your essay:
Be sure to make a copy of any essay submitted to this course, and keep one for yourself. It would be helpful if you also submitted a second copy to me, which would be kept in my office, in case the original gets lost, or in case a dispute arises over the original grading of the essay. Please also keep all notes you have made for the essay (in writing or on your computer), if case any dispute arises over the authenticity of your essay.
k) Selected ESSAY TOPICS for 2001 - 2002
The following topics have been selected from the Master List of ESSAY AND GENERAL READINGS TOPICS as the most recommended essay topics for this year's course. For each of these topics there is a one-page handout with listings of the more important readings, chiefly recent periodical articles, and major questions. You are free, however, to select any other topics from this Master List (relevant to the term selected), from either Section A or Section B, or from the supplementary list of essay topics (which have no bibliography sets). You are also advised to read one or two of the readings from each of these lists, in addition to or in place of the textbooks; but all such readings are optional (provided that you do some readings).
The numbers in square brackets refer to those on the Master List of topics.
A. FIRST TERM: SEPT. TO DEC. 2001
1. The Economic Decline of the Netherlands in the Eighteenth Century: Cause or Consequence of the British Industrial Revolution? [Topic 3]
2. Warfare and the Industrial Revolution in Western Europe, 1760 - 1815 [6]
3. Population Growth and the Industrial Revolution, 1750 - 1830: A Cause or Consequence of Modern Urban Industrialization? [Topic 7]
4. Labour and The Enclosures of the Industrial Revolution Era in England: The Social Costs of Agricultural Modernization , ca. 1760 - 1830 [Topic 8]
5. The 'Proto-Industrialization' Debate: Agriculture, Rural Handicraft Industries in Early Modern Europe, and the Transition to Modern Urban Industrialization [Topic 4]
B. SECOND TERM: JAN. - APR. 2002
6. The Social Consequences of Urban Industrialization in Great Britain: The Standard of Living Debate, 1770-1850 [no. 10]
7. Entrepreneurship and Business Organization in European Industrialization During the 19th Century: The Case of France, 1800 - 1914 [Topic no. 16]
8. The Role of the National State in 19th-Century European Economic Development: A Comparison of Germany and Russia, 1815-1914 [Topic no. 15]
9. Problems of the British Economy, 1870-1914: The 'Industrial Retardation' Debate [Topic no. 18]
The Economic History of Modern Europe to 1914
(The Industrialization of Modern Europe, 1750 - 1914)
Note: Not all of these topics will be covered; and some different topics are covered in different years. See the separate schedule of lecture topics given in 1999 -2000.
FIRST TERM: September to December 2001
I. THE ECONOMY OF THE NETHERLANDS: DUTCH ECONOMIC HEGEMONY in the European Economy during the 17th and 18th Centuries (to c. 1780)
A. The Dutch Overseas Commercial Empire: Its Chief Foundations
B. Dutch Supremacy in Shipbuilding and Shipping
C. Dutch Supremacy in Banking and Finance: the Wisselbank van Amsterdam
D. The Economic Decline of the Netherlands in the Later 18th Century: Relative or Absolute?
E. The Dutch, Great Britain, and the Origins of the Modern Industrial Revolution
II. GREAT BRITAIN AS THE HOMELAND OF THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION, 1750-1815
A. Introduction: The Historical Significance of Modern Industrialization and of the 'Industrial Revolution'
B. Science, Technology, Education, Religion, and Social Attitudes in the Industrial Revolution
C. The Government, State Finance, and Warfare, during the Industrial Revolution, 1760 - 1815
D. Expansion of the Market: Domestic and Foreign Trade
E. The 'Agricultural Revolution' of the 18th and 19th Centuries
F. Banking and Finance: Problems of Capital Formation
G. The Revolution in Mechanical Power: the Steam Engine (Capital Goods)
H. The Revolution in Metallurgy: Iron Production with Coke and Steam (Capital Goods and Consumer Goods)
I. The Revolution in Textiles: Cottons and Woollens (Consumer Goods)
J. The Revolution in Other Manufacturing Industries (Independent Reading Only)
K. Urban Industrialization: The Social Consequences and Living Standards during the Industrial Revolution
III. GREAT BRITAIN AS THE UNCHALLENGED INDUSTRIAL POWER, 1815 - 1873
A. Trends and Business Cycles in the British Economy, 1815 - 1873
B. Banking, Finance, and Commercial Organization
C. The Nineteenth-Century Revolution in Transportation: Railroads and Steam Shipping
D. British Agriculture in the 19th Century: Expansion and Contraction
SECOND TERM: January to April 2002
E. The Age of Free Trade: Finance, Trade, and Capital Exports
F. The Maturation of the British Industrial Economy
G. The Revolution in Steel making: The Age of Steel, from 1856
H. The 'Second Industrial Revolution' in Mechanical Power
IV. THE SPREAD OF MODERN INDUSTRIALIZATION: THE 'SLOW INDUSTRIALIZATION' OF FRANCE, 1789 - 1914
A. Barriers to French Economic Development in the 18th and 19th Centuries
B. The Economic Consequences of the French Revolution and Napoleonic Wars, 1789 - 1815
C. French Agriculture: the Revolutionary Reforms and Peasant Conservatism
D. Transportation in the French Economy
E. Business Organization and Banking in 18th and 19th Century France
F. French Industrialization
G. French Foreign Trade and Colonialism: independent readings
H. A Review of French Economic Growth in the 19th Century: Success or Failure?
V. THE RAPID INDUSTRIALIZATION OF GERMANY, 1815 - 1914
A. Barriers to German Economic Development
B. Unification of the Market: the Zollverein and the Reich
C. Transportation: Railways and Steam Shipping
D. German Agriculture: Peasant Emancipation, 'Land Reforms', and Modernization
E. German Banking and Financial Organization
F. German Industrialization: Steel, Chemicals, and the Electrical Industries
G. German Foreign Trade, Capital Exports, and Colonialism
VI. RUSSIA: THE BEGINNINGS OF INDUSTRIALIZATION TO 1914
A. Barriers to Economic Growth: Russia's Advantages and Disadvantages, and the Gerschenkron Model
B. Russian Serfdom and Agriculture
C. Russian Railways and Economic Development
D. Russian Banking and Financial Organization
E. Russian Industrialization: Main Features of an Uneven Industrial Foundation
VII. PROBLEMS OF THE BRITISH AND INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIES, 1870 - 1914:
A. Economic Trends, 1870 - 1914: 'The Great Depression' and After
B. The Varieties of Industrial Experiences: The Old Industries
C. The Varieties of Industrial Experiences: Advances and Setbacks in The New Industries
D. The Era of 'New Imperialism' or 'Capitalist Imperialism', 1870-1914: Marxist and non-Marxist Theories of Imperialism.